The Science of Spermaceti: Waxy Wonders from Whales

1. What is Spermaceti?

Spermaceti is a waxy substance found in the head cavities of sperm whales. The name originates from the Latin words “sperma” (seed) and “cetus” (whale), as early whalers believed it to be the whale’s sperm. This misconception was later debunked, but the name persisted.

2. Properties of Spermaceti

Spermaceti has unique properties that make it valuable for various applications. It is semi-solid at room temperature, and when heated, it melts into a clear, odourless liquid. As it cools, it solidifies into a crystalline structure, which gives it a pearly appearance.

Some properties of spermaceti include:

• High melting point (50-54°C, or 122-129°F)
• Low viscosity when melted
• High resistance to oxidation
• Excellent lubricating qualities
• Non-toxic and biodegradable

3. Composition of Spermaceti

Spermaceti is a complex mixture of triglycerides, waxes, and fatty acids. The primary component is cetyl palmitate, a wax ester composed of a fatty acid (palmitic acid) and a fatty alcohol (cetyl alcohol). Cetyl palmitate makes up approximately 70% of spermaceti’s composition and contributes to its unique properties.

Other components found in spermaceti include:

• Other wax esters (e.g., cetyl stearate, cetyl myristate)
• Triglycerides (fats)
• Free fatty acids
• Squalene
• Cholesterol
• Vitamin E

4. Uses for Spermaceti

Historically, spermaceti was highly prized for a variety of uses. Some of its most notable applications include:

• Candles: Spermaceti candles were prized for their bright, clean-burning flames and minimal smoke. These candles were also less prone to melting or bending in warm temperatures.
• Ointments and cosmetics: Spermaceti’s smooth texture and emollient properties made it a popular ingredient in ointments, creams, and balms for skin and hair care.
• Lubrication: Spermaceti’s lubricating qualities made it ideal for use in the lubrication of delicate machineries, such as clocks and sewing machines.

Today, due to conservation efforts and the decline of the whaling industry, spermaceti is no longer widely used. Instead, synthetic and plant-based alternatives have been developed to replace them in various applications. Such as Soy and Coconut wax we use here at the Highland candle company.